A leap year has 366 days, or one more day than an ordinary year. A leap year occurs in every year that can be divided evenly by four, except the year that mark the hundreds, such as 1500. The only century years that are leap years are those that can be evenly by 400, such as 1600 and 2000. Leap years were added to the calendar to make the calendar year nearly the same as the solar year, which is the time it takes for the sun to pass the vernal equinox twice. The extra day is added to the end of February and occurs as February 29 once every four years.
Year is the time the earth takes to make one complete revolution around the sun. There are two different kinds of years which are used by astronomers. The solar, equinoctial, or tropical year is the time between two passages of the sun through the vernal equinox, which occurs in March. This year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds long. This year is used for all practical and astronomical purposes. It is the basis of our common or calendar year.
The sidereal year is made up of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds. This is the time it takes the earth to return to the same place in its orbit, with reference to the fixed stars. The sidereal year is longer than solar year because of the precession of the equinoxes. The sidereal year is seldom used except in the calculations of astronomers.
The calendar year is only 365 days long, and so we have to add an extra day every four years to correct the difference in time between the calendar year and the solar year. This fourth year is called leap year, and the extra day is February 29. Adding an extra day every fourth year makes the average calendar year 11 minutes, 14 seconds too long. So, the day is not added in the century years, except in those divisible by 400. The years 2009 will contain 366 days. Thus the difference between calendar and solar years will vary only one day over period of several thousand years.
The lunar year is made up of 12 lunar months. The ancient Greeks used this year. It contained 354 days. In most Christian nations the calendar year begins on January 1. During the Middle Ages, however, most European nations considered March 1 or March 25, Annunciation Day, as the first day of the calendar year. By 1600 nearly all civilized countries except England recognized January 1 as the first day of the year. England adopted the Gregorian calendar, which recognized January 1 as the beginning of the year, on September 14, 1752.
The church calendar, which is used in the Roman Catholic and in most Protestant churches, is regulated partly by the solar and partly by the lunar year. This causes a difference between the fixed feast day, which always fall on the same day every year, and movable feasts such as Easter, whose dates vary from year to year. The fixed feast days are determined by the solar year, and the movable feast days, by the lunar year.
In ancient Roman times, before the Julian calendar was adopted, the year began on March 1. The Jewish year begins near the time of the autumnal equinox, around the 22nd of September. The Islamic year, however, is based on the changing phases of the moon and lasts for 354 days. Therefore, the beginning of the Islamic year continually falls earlier in the seasons. Thirty Islamic years make up a cycle during which there are 11 leap years. These leap years occurs at irregular intervals.
Saturday, February 28, 2009
Friday, February 27, 2009
Genetic Seeds of Disease
Some of the illnesses that afflict man have their origins in the physical equipment he inherited from his parents- in the unique set of genes with which he was born. Exactly how many disorders are thus inescapably built into human beings not even the modern geneticist knows for sure. Both heredity and environment are involved to some extent in all disease. In some cases, environment factors obviously play the critical role. A sufficiently large dose of barbiturates will kill anyone, regardless of his physical inheritance. But geneticist now know that each person's success in fighting off infections and other threats to health depends partly on his individual genetic endowment. Furthermore, many rare and strange diseases are definitely inherited.
The genes' role in the body's adaptation to the environment is illustrated by the reactions of different types of people to sunlight. Those with fair skin must take care not to be badly burned by a day at the beach. Darker-skinned people- who have inherited a better capacity to produce the pigment involved in tanning- adapt to sunlight with less skin damage. As one consequence, people with fair skins are more likely than brunets to develop skin cancer. Thus, although the cancer itself may not be inherited, certain people may be more vulnerable to it because of their genes.
Genes are probably the most intricate bundles of information known. They determine the nature of every cell in every living organism, establishing its species, sex and the general pattern of its individual characterictics. Humans, who are composed of trillions of highly specialized cell, have many thousands of genes. They are gathered in 46 curiously shaped agglomerations of matter called chromosomes, which come in pairs- one member of each pair from each parent. The basic genetic materials accomplishes its many tasks by duplicating itself completely in every new cell grown by the body; fron headquarters in the cell nucleus it then directs the cell's development.
Genes and environment are so intertwined in their effects upon development that a geneticist's hardest task is often to unravel what is genetic and what is not. A baby with a perfectly sound genetic inheritance, for example, may be born with a congenital defect- that is, a defect present at birth- because he was damaged by his environment. This damage may have been caused by anything from virus in his mother's bloodstream to an injury during delivery. Even certain diseases that seemed to run in families have turned out to be caused by enviroment. It had been known for a long time, for instance, that a large percentage of the females of certain strains of mice developed mammary cancer. The disease seemed definitely hereditary- until it was discovered that the milk of mice from these particular strains contained a cancer-inducing virus. By letting newborn mice of these strains suckle on mice of another strain, experimenters succeeded in ending this apparently hereditary trait.
Even when a disease is genetic, the geneticist may find it impossible to predict which apparently normal member of a family will develop it. One genetic disease, Hungtington's chorea, a progressive degeneration of the nervous system ending in death, may not show its first symptoms- involuntary jerking movements of the body and limbs- until a person is past middle age. If the victim has children, the statistical chances are that half of them will also be afflicted, but there is no way to predict who or when, for the disease may strike at any age.
The genes' role in the body's adaptation to the environment is illustrated by the reactions of different types of people to sunlight. Those with fair skin must take care not to be badly burned by a day at the beach. Darker-skinned people- who have inherited a better capacity to produce the pigment involved in tanning- adapt to sunlight with less skin damage. As one consequence, people with fair skins are more likely than brunets to develop skin cancer. Thus, although the cancer itself may not be inherited, certain people may be more vulnerable to it because of their genes.
Genes are probably the most intricate bundles of information known. They determine the nature of every cell in every living organism, establishing its species, sex and the general pattern of its individual characterictics. Humans, who are composed of trillions of highly specialized cell, have many thousands of genes. They are gathered in 46 curiously shaped agglomerations of matter called chromosomes, which come in pairs- one member of each pair from each parent. The basic genetic materials accomplishes its many tasks by duplicating itself completely in every new cell grown by the body; fron headquarters in the cell nucleus it then directs the cell's development.
Genes and environment are so intertwined in their effects upon development that a geneticist's hardest task is often to unravel what is genetic and what is not. A baby with a perfectly sound genetic inheritance, for example, may be born with a congenital defect- that is, a defect present at birth- because he was damaged by his environment. This damage may have been caused by anything from virus in his mother's bloodstream to an injury during delivery. Even certain diseases that seemed to run in families have turned out to be caused by enviroment. It had been known for a long time, for instance, that a large percentage of the females of certain strains of mice developed mammary cancer. The disease seemed definitely hereditary- until it was discovered that the milk of mice from these particular strains contained a cancer-inducing virus. By letting newborn mice of these strains suckle on mice of another strain, experimenters succeeded in ending this apparently hereditary trait.
Even when a disease is genetic, the geneticist may find it impossible to predict which apparently normal member of a family will develop it. One genetic disease, Hungtington's chorea, a progressive degeneration of the nervous system ending in death, may not show its first symptoms- involuntary jerking movements of the body and limbs- until a person is past middle age. If the victim has children, the statistical chances are that half of them will also be afflicted, but there is no way to predict who or when, for the disease may strike at any age.
A Paradox of Hunger
Hunger is an everyday, unchanging fact of life for great numbers of the world's people, many of whom are hard put to get any food at all. In some 3rd world countries, for example, protein malnutrition is widespread because the consumption of meat and diary products-the natural foods containing the most complete protein- is almost nil. In such regions animals cannot be raised for food, since they return only a fraction of the calories, or energy, they consume- an important consideration in countries where a poor rice crop can mean the death of millions and where a polite salutation between freinds is, "Have you eaten?"
Famine and malnutrition, of course, have existed since the beginning of time. But today there is a cruel paradox. Man has all the knowledge necessary to produce enough properly balanced food to feed the entire population of the world. It is now known that in addition to oxygen and water, man needs at least 43 essential nutrients, classified into five main groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins. A deficiency of any one of them can cause illness, but all of them can be made plentiful by science. It is a question of priorities and money.
The proteins, currently the most expensive of foods to obtain in high-quality form, are also among the vital to human beings. They are large, complex chemical substances made up of varying combinations of some 20 amino acids. At least nine are essential in a child's diet. They all promote growth during the crucial childhood years and aid in the renewal of tissues. In nature, proteins are first manufactured by plants, using nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon from the soil and air. Thus both man and animals depend ultimately on plants for proteins. But most of commonly eaten plant products contain incomplete proteins: They lack some of the essential amino acids, or have them in the wrong proportions. And the absence of even one essential amino acid limits the body's ability to make use of the others.
In the wealthy countries, animals are used as virtual factories for the production of high-quality proteins inconcentrated form. But it is not necessary to eat meat, eggs or dairy products to stay healthy. The Japanese get a large percetage of their protein from soybeans and other vegetables. Some primitive tribes have learned to eat various leaves, berries, insects and even clays, all of which are rich in nutrients they would otherwise lack. But a dreadful monotony marks the diet of people in more and more nations as they specialize in exporting agricultural products to world markets and fail to import foods necessary for proper nutrition. Some parts of Latin America now produce almost nothing but coffe for export, while others grow mainly bananas or sugar cane. In Central American nations as well, governmental policies have encouraged the production of cash crops, such as cotton.
The usual Central American diet of corn and beans, or just corn, is deficient in certain essential amino acids and accounts for some lethargy in the people there. Many peasants who have been raised on this diet no longer feel genuine appetite; they content themselves with a few cornmeal tortillas, and sometimes must force themselves to eat even those. Besides suffering from a shortage of proteins, Central Americans also lack minerals and vitamins. When they become infested with worms or others parasites, they have little energy left, even though they may not actually look sick. A serious infestation of hookworm can rob its vitamin of half a pint of blood per day, leading to fatal anemia.
Famine and malnutrition, of course, have existed since the beginning of time. But today there is a cruel paradox. Man has all the knowledge necessary to produce enough properly balanced food to feed the entire population of the world. It is now known that in addition to oxygen and water, man needs at least 43 essential nutrients, classified into five main groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins. A deficiency of any one of them can cause illness, but all of them can be made plentiful by science. It is a question of priorities and money.
The proteins, currently the most expensive of foods to obtain in high-quality form, are also among the vital to human beings. They are large, complex chemical substances made up of varying combinations of some 20 amino acids. At least nine are essential in a child's diet. They all promote growth during the crucial childhood years and aid in the renewal of tissues. In nature, proteins are first manufactured by plants, using nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon from the soil and air. Thus both man and animals depend ultimately on plants for proteins. But most of commonly eaten plant products contain incomplete proteins: They lack some of the essential amino acids, or have them in the wrong proportions. And the absence of even one essential amino acid limits the body's ability to make use of the others.
In the wealthy countries, animals are used as virtual factories for the production of high-quality proteins inconcentrated form. But it is not necessary to eat meat, eggs or dairy products to stay healthy. The Japanese get a large percetage of their protein from soybeans and other vegetables. Some primitive tribes have learned to eat various leaves, berries, insects and even clays, all of which are rich in nutrients they would otherwise lack. But a dreadful monotony marks the diet of people in more and more nations as they specialize in exporting agricultural products to world markets and fail to import foods necessary for proper nutrition. Some parts of Latin America now produce almost nothing but coffe for export, while others grow mainly bananas or sugar cane. In Central American nations as well, governmental policies have encouraged the production of cash crops, such as cotton.
The usual Central American diet of corn and beans, or just corn, is deficient in certain essential amino acids and accounts for some lethargy in the people there. Many peasants who have been raised on this diet no longer feel genuine appetite; they content themselves with a few cornmeal tortillas, and sometimes must force themselves to eat even those. Besides suffering from a shortage of proteins, Central Americans also lack minerals and vitamins. When they become infested with worms or others parasites, they have little energy left, even though they may not actually look sick. A serious infestation of hookworm can rob its vitamin of half a pint of blood per day, leading to fatal anemia.
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Disturbed Mind
Everyone is afflicted with worry, some people tend to worry more than others. These persons or individuals tend to be moody and gloomy, They tend to look at the negative side of life. Worry means "to disquiet, make uneasy," " to trouble, torment, harass," futile, nervous agitation, often purposeless, always restless. In biblical literature, the word referring to worry translated " anxiety or care".
Anxiety is a term used by psychiatrists and psychologists to mean the same as fear or worry. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, showed that anxiety is a fundamental emotion that influences our lives from earliest childhood. This is true of those who are mentally healthy as well as of those who are mentally ill.
People with neuroses frequently complain of excessive anxiety. Many people with psychoses also have this compaint. Sometimes such people dread and avoid particular situations or activities such as high places, trains or other vehicles, or walking on the street alone. These special dreads are called phobias.
Effects of Worry
A persons or individuals suffer from loss of apetite, ulcers, stomach problems even tooth decay. They also experience backaches, headaches, lack of concentration, insomia, as well as visual andheart problems. Some claim that worries are high achievers because they are driven by their worries to work harder in order not to fail.
Worry is a monster that pounces on you and leaves you nearby as good as dead. It can dampen your energy and enthusiasm, rob your job, disturb your peace of mind and insult your sense of contentment. It can paralyze you with fear and make you forget your worth.
What Causes Worry
1. Concern for the Future.
Worry can be an unnecessary preoccupation with unpleasant things that might happen. Wars, terrorism, nuclear testing, and natural disasters could project a bleak future, sowing fear among people. Besides wordly concerns, people are also anxious about their personal problems. Women fear being raped. Singles dread the thought of growing old alone.
2. Cares of this World.
The people today are materialistic, the pursuit of pleasure, prestige and prosperity has become the primary goal. People are anxious not just to make a living, but to have a luxurious lifestyle. They go after a five-digit income , in exchange for a lot of hard and stressful work. The desire to be physically appealing is also becoming a source of anxiety to many females, especially teenagers. Unfortunately many equate being thin-really thin- to being sexy. In an attempt to greatly reduce weight, some become afflicted with eating disorders.
3. Challenges and Complexities of Life.
Fulfilling the demands of daily duties and responsibilities can also cause worry. Many people suffer headaches and sleepless nights to meet deadflines. Adults are constantly wary about their financial obligations. Some worry about mundane things like what to wear or watch.
4. Childhood Experiences.
Some childhood experiences and parental influences may contribute to a person's apprehensions. A parents suffered from serious financial problems might grow up with a tendency to overly worry about financial security. Or someone who has overly health-concious parents may be affected with hypochondria.
Helpful Tips to fight worry
1. Work.
While many of our worries are without solid basis, some concerns are legitimate. We should attend to them as a matter of duty and for our peace of mind. We need to work to survive and support our family. We should save for the future needs of your children.
2. Trust in God.
Toil if you must, but put your trust in God. Confidence in God, who cares and provides, can be an anchor for your trouble soul. As mortals we are capable of performing a lot of things and yet we are also limited. But God is unlimited and He can come to our rescue when we need Him. Trust your heavenly Father who feeds the birds of the air to feed you as well.
3. Take one day at a time.
In His sermon on the mount, Jesus admonished His followers not to worry about tommorow. He even adds, " Who of you by worrying can add a single hour to his life." Take time to attend to every legitimate concern. But remember, you're also entitled to take a rest. You shouldn't feel guilty when you have to unwind once in a while. You might be surprised to find out that relaxation can recharge your zest to face life's challenges.
4. Be thankful for your blessings.
A thankful heart breeds contentment. Being thankful for every blessing I receive frees me from worrying. I am not choked by greed nor torn apart by jealousy or envy.
5. Train your mind to focus on the positive side.
Some people always dwell on the negative. Even in the midst of a happy occasion they expect a sad event to follow. They are critical of others. They are panicky about what they do, fearful that something has been overlooked. I'm not saying that we disregard errors or close our eyes to a wrongdoing. I'm saying that we should refuse to entertain any thought that is neither constructive nor purposeful.
Anxiety is a term used by psychiatrists and psychologists to mean the same as fear or worry. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, showed that anxiety is a fundamental emotion that influences our lives from earliest childhood. This is true of those who are mentally healthy as well as of those who are mentally ill.
People with neuroses frequently complain of excessive anxiety. Many people with psychoses also have this compaint. Sometimes such people dread and avoid particular situations or activities such as high places, trains or other vehicles, or walking on the street alone. These special dreads are called phobias.
Effects of Worry
A persons or individuals suffer from loss of apetite, ulcers, stomach problems even tooth decay. They also experience backaches, headaches, lack of concentration, insomia, as well as visual andheart problems. Some claim that worries are high achievers because they are driven by their worries to work harder in order not to fail.
Worry is a monster that pounces on you and leaves you nearby as good as dead. It can dampen your energy and enthusiasm, rob your job, disturb your peace of mind and insult your sense of contentment. It can paralyze you with fear and make you forget your worth.
What Causes Worry
1. Concern for the Future.
Worry can be an unnecessary preoccupation with unpleasant things that might happen. Wars, terrorism, nuclear testing, and natural disasters could project a bleak future, sowing fear among people. Besides wordly concerns, people are also anxious about their personal problems. Women fear being raped. Singles dread the thought of growing old alone.
2. Cares of this World.
The people today are materialistic, the pursuit of pleasure, prestige and prosperity has become the primary goal. People are anxious not just to make a living, but to have a luxurious lifestyle. They go after a five-digit income , in exchange for a lot of hard and stressful work. The desire to be physically appealing is also becoming a source of anxiety to many females, especially teenagers. Unfortunately many equate being thin-really thin- to being sexy. In an attempt to greatly reduce weight, some become afflicted with eating disorders.
3. Challenges and Complexities of Life.
Fulfilling the demands of daily duties and responsibilities can also cause worry. Many people suffer headaches and sleepless nights to meet deadflines. Adults are constantly wary about their financial obligations. Some worry about mundane things like what to wear or watch.
4. Childhood Experiences.
Some childhood experiences and parental influences may contribute to a person's apprehensions. A parents suffered from serious financial problems might grow up with a tendency to overly worry about financial security. Or someone who has overly health-concious parents may be affected with hypochondria.
Helpful Tips to fight worry
1. Work.
While many of our worries are without solid basis, some concerns are legitimate. We should attend to them as a matter of duty and for our peace of mind. We need to work to survive and support our family. We should save for the future needs of your children.
2. Trust in God.
Toil if you must, but put your trust in God. Confidence in God, who cares and provides, can be an anchor for your trouble soul. As mortals we are capable of performing a lot of things and yet we are also limited. But God is unlimited and He can come to our rescue when we need Him. Trust your heavenly Father who feeds the birds of the air to feed you as well.
3. Take one day at a time.
In His sermon on the mount, Jesus admonished His followers not to worry about tommorow. He even adds, " Who of you by worrying can add a single hour to his life." Take time to attend to every legitimate concern. But remember, you're also entitled to take a rest. You shouldn't feel guilty when you have to unwind once in a while. You might be surprised to find out that relaxation can recharge your zest to face life's challenges.
4. Be thankful for your blessings.
A thankful heart breeds contentment. Being thankful for every blessing I receive frees me from worrying. I am not choked by greed nor torn apart by jealousy or envy.
5. Train your mind to focus on the positive side.
Some people always dwell on the negative. Even in the midst of a happy occasion they expect a sad event to follow. They are critical of others. They are panicky about what they do, fearful that something has been overlooked. I'm not saying that we disregard errors or close our eyes to a wrongdoing. I'm saying that we should refuse to entertain any thought that is neither constructive nor purposeful.
Monday, February 9, 2009
What You Can Do at Home for Neck Pain
Most neck pain responds fairly well to home care and doesn't require medical treatment. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen sodium, may help reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Acetaminophen ( Tylenol ) may relieve pain and is less irritating to the stomach.
This may also help:
Short-term immobilization.
A soft cervical collar that supports a your neck without taxing the muscles may help, especially at night. Neck pain from disk problems may require a firmer collar. But use collars as little as possible- usually less than 10 days. Prolonged use may increase pain and decrease neck muscle strength and range of motion.
Heat and Cold.
Both may relieve pain, Ice packs may be particularly helpful after ab acute musclestrain or injury.
Exercise.
Improving overall fitness and strengthening neck and upper back muscles may help prevent recurrence of neck pain.
SOME EXERCISES FOR YOUR NECK
Shoulder Squeeze.
Squeeze your shoulder blades together and hold for about three seconds. Repeat as often as is comfortable.
Shoulder Shrug.
Gently raise your shoulders tightly to your neck, hold for five to 10 seconds, then very slowly relax to a normal position.
Seated Rowing.
Pull arms back in a rowing motion.
Weightlifting.
Grasp one-to two-pound weights in your hands. Bend forward at your hips ( keep your back straight) with your arms hanging down. Gently raise and lower the weights asif you were flying, lie on your stomach on the table or weight bench.
This may also help:
Short-term immobilization.
A soft cervical collar that supports a your neck without taxing the muscles may help, especially at night. Neck pain from disk problems may require a firmer collar. But use collars as little as possible- usually less than 10 days. Prolonged use may increase pain and decrease neck muscle strength and range of motion.
Heat and Cold.
Both may relieve pain, Ice packs may be particularly helpful after ab acute musclestrain or injury.
Exercise.
Improving overall fitness and strengthening neck and upper back muscles may help prevent recurrence of neck pain.
SOME EXERCISES FOR YOUR NECK
Shoulder Squeeze.
Squeeze your shoulder blades together and hold for about three seconds. Repeat as often as is comfortable.
Shoulder Shrug.
Gently raise your shoulders tightly to your neck, hold for five to 10 seconds, then very slowly relax to a normal position.
Seated Rowing.
Pull arms back in a rowing motion.
Weightlifting.
Grasp one-to two-pound weights in your hands. Bend forward at your hips ( keep your back straight) with your arms hanging down. Gently raise and lower the weights asif you were flying, lie on your stomach on the table or weight bench.
Fire Prevention at Home
It is important that we know how to prevent fire in our home. There are some information and tips of what we can do to prevent fire.
Install Smoke Detectors.
Place the smoke detectors in every corners of your house, especially in the kitchen. Working smoke detectors can alert you to a fire in time for you to escape. Always check your smoke detectors batteries once a month.
Keep an Eye on Smokers.
If some of the members of the family is smoking try to convince them not to smoke inside the house. There must be a smoking place like in the garden , in the terrace or go outside in the street. Careless smoking is a leading cause of fire deaths.
Cook Carefully.
When cooking, check the stove or oven to make sure that they are working properly, never leave cooking unattended. You must have a timer to reminds you that the food your cooking is already done. Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles and clean the stove or oven, check the pipeline of the gas before and after cooking.
Plan Your Escape From Fire.
Sit down with your family and design an escape plan . Make sure that everyone knows at least two unobstructed ways- doors and windows- out every room.
Remember, matches and lighters are tools, not toys. Store all matches and lighters up high, where kids can't see or reach them, preferably in a locked cabinet.
Use Electricity Safety.
If an electric appliance smokes or has an unsual smell, unplug it immediately, and have it serviced before using again. Replace cracked or frayed electrical cord. Don't overload extension cords or run them under rugs. Don't tamper with your fuse box or use improperly sized fuses.
Check all electrical outlets regularly. If a fuse blows or a circuit breaker is tripped, don't just replace or reset it. Find out the problem and correct it.
Install Smoke Detectors.
Place the smoke detectors in every corners of your house, especially in the kitchen. Working smoke detectors can alert you to a fire in time for you to escape. Always check your smoke detectors batteries once a month.
Keep an Eye on Smokers.
If some of the members of the family is smoking try to convince them not to smoke inside the house. There must be a smoking place like in the garden , in the terrace or go outside in the street. Careless smoking is a leading cause of fire deaths.
Cook Carefully.
When cooking, check the stove or oven to make sure that they are working properly, never leave cooking unattended. You must have a timer to reminds you that the food your cooking is already done. Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles and clean the stove or oven, check the pipeline of the gas before and after cooking.
Plan Your Escape From Fire.
Sit down with your family and design an escape plan . Make sure that everyone knows at least two unobstructed ways- doors and windows- out every room.
Remember, matches and lighters are tools, not toys. Store all matches and lighters up high, where kids can't see or reach them, preferably in a locked cabinet.
Use Electricity Safety.
If an electric appliance smokes or has an unsual smell, unplug it immediately, and have it serviced before using again. Replace cracked or frayed electrical cord. Don't overload extension cords or run them under rugs. Don't tamper with your fuse box or use improperly sized fuses.
Check all electrical outlets regularly. If a fuse blows or a circuit breaker is tripped, don't just replace or reset it. Find out the problem and correct it.
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
Bubbly Drink-Beer
What is beer?
Beer is an alcoholic beverage made from cereal grains, hops, water, and yeast. Everybody knows what is cereal grains such as wheat, oats, or corn. The hop is vine grown for its papery, yellowish-greenflowers, which are used in brewing beer. The flowers, also called hops, grow in conelike clusters that measure from 1 to 4 inches ( 2.5 to 10 centimeters ) in length. The petals have tiny glands that contain various oils and ressins ( sticky substances ). These materials prevent the growth of bacteria in beer and give the beverage its bitter taste. The yeast used in winemaking acts on the sugar in grapes and other fruits to produce alcohol through fermentation. In most wines, the carbon dioxide gas is allowed to escape into the air. But it provides the bubbles for some champagnes and other sparkling wines. Another type of commercial yeast, called brewer's yeast, cannot act directly on the grain used in the brewing of beer. Brewers must first convert the starch in the grain into sugar by means of a process called malting. The yeast is then added to convert the sugar to alcohol.Brewers use carbon dioxide to carbonate the beer.
How to make beer, brewers mix barley malt with water and such grains as corn and rice. This mixture is heated to convert starches in the grains into sugar. The excess grain is removed from the mixture, which is then boiled with hops to provide more flavor. Next, brewers add yeast to the mixture, which starts a process called fermentation. This process changes the sugar into alcohol. After fermentation, the beer is aged in tanks for several weeks or months to improve its taste. It is then filtered and packaged in barrels, bottles, or cans.
Beer is one of the oldest alcoholic drinks. It was brewed at least as early as 4000 B.C.. The ancient Assyrians, Babylonians, Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Teutons made beer.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage made from cereal grains, hops, water, and yeast. Everybody knows what is cereal grains such as wheat, oats, or corn. The hop is vine grown for its papery, yellowish-greenflowers, which are used in brewing beer. The flowers, also called hops, grow in conelike clusters that measure from 1 to 4 inches ( 2.5 to 10 centimeters ) in length. The petals have tiny glands that contain various oils and ressins ( sticky substances ). These materials prevent the growth of bacteria in beer and give the beverage its bitter taste. The yeast used in winemaking acts on the sugar in grapes and other fruits to produce alcohol through fermentation. In most wines, the carbon dioxide gas is allowed to escape into the air. But it provides the bubbles for some champagnes and other sparkling wines. Another type of commercial yeast, called brewer's yeast, cannot act directly on the grain used in the brewing of beer. Brewers must first convert the starch in the grain into sugar by means of a process called malting. The yeast is then added to convert the sugar to alcohol.Brewers use carbon dioxide to carbonate the beer.
How to make beer, brewers mix barley malt with water and such grains as corn and rice. This mixture is heated to convert starches in the grains into sugar. The excess grain is removed from the mixture, which is then boiled with hops to provide more flavor. Next, brewers add yeast to the mixture, which starts a process called fermentation. This process changes the sugar into alcohol. After fermentation, the beer is aged in tanks for several weeks or months to improve its taste. It is then filtered and packaged in barrels, bottles, or cans.
Beer is one of the oldest alcoholic drinks. It was brewed at least as early as 4000 B.C.. The ancient Assyrians, Babylonians, Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Teutons made beer.
MOTHER SONG
I ONCE HAD A DEAR OLD MOTHER
WHO LOVED ME TENDERLY
FOR WHEN I WAS A BABY
SHE TOOK GOOD CARE OF ME
ONE NIGHT AS I LAY DOWN SLEEPING
MY BROTHER BY MY SIDE
I HEARD A VOICE FROM HEAVEN
TELLING MY MOTHER DIED
AND WHEN I WOKE UP IN THE MORNING
I FOUND MY DREAM COME TRUE
FOR AN ANGEL TOOK MY MOTHER
UP IN THE SKY SO BLUE
SO CHILDREN OBEY YOUR PARENTS
OBEY THEM FAITHFULLY
FOR IF YOU LOSE YOUR PARENTS
YOU LOSE THE BEST OF ALL
WHO LOVED ME TENDERLY
FOR WHEN I WAS A BABY
SHE TOOK GOOD CARE OF ME
ONE NIGHT AS I LAY DOWN SLEEPING
MY BROTHER BY MY SIDE
I HEARD A VOICE FROM HEAVEN
TELLING MY MOTHER DIED
AND WHEN I WOKE UP IN THE MORNING
I FOUND MY DREAM COME TRUE
FOR AN ANGEL TOOK MY MOTHER
UP IN THE SKY SO BLUE
SO CHILDREN OBEY YOUR PARENTS
OBEY THEM FAITHFULLY
FOR IF YOU LOSE YOUR PARENTS
YOU LOSE THE BEST OF ALL
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